![]() Fish trade by developing countries increased from less than USD 4 billion in 1980 to USD 18 billion in 2001. Fish production exports from developing countries account for approximately 60% of the total fish production being traded internationally. Fisheries play an important role in the national economies of many developing countries through the generation of foreign exchange derived from international trade. This value surpasses the combined value of the net exports of rice, coffee, tea, tobacco and meat of that same year. The value of global fish products also grew significantly from USD 8 billion in 1976 to USD 152 billion in 2017. This represents a total increase of 245% compared to 1976, but if we consider the trade in fish for human consumption alone the increase is more than 500%. For example, in 2016, approximately 60 million tonnes of fish and fish products (35% of global fish production) entered international trade in various forms. Fisheries products are among the most traded food items and play a vital role in the global and local economy. įisheries have an important economic contribution worldwide. In developing countries, particularly in Asia and Africa, millions of women are involved in fish processing, marketing, making and repairing nets, making baskets, pots, and baiting hooks. Whereas men are primarily involved in fishing, women are heavily involved in fisheries-related activities such as processing and trade. The involvement of people in fisheries in developing countries has been growing steadily, while it has been declining in most developed countries, indicating that fisheries play a significant role in developing countries. In 2016, more than 40 million people were involved in fisheries, with 79% and 13% of these 40 million people living in Asia and Africa, respectively. Total employment in fisheries grew increasingly from 28 million in 1995 to 39 million in 2010 ( Figure 1). The opening up of global markets for fish and fisheries products have created multiple opportunities to increase employment and income from fisheries. This dependence is acute in developing countries, particularly for poor and marginalized people. Globally, millions of people directly or indirectly depend on fisheries for their employment, income and food security. Human connections to fisheries have developed over thousands of years, underlining the notable contribution of fish and fisheries to human well-being. Although most examples and case studies originate from developing countries in the African continent, the review remains of great value to many other countries. This review aims to assist researchers and fisheries managers, working on marine and freshwater fish species, in understanding concepts and processes related to stock assessment and population dynamics. In order to provide accurate estimates of these life history traits, standardized methods for otolith preparation and validation of the rate of growth zone deposition are essential. Stock assessment models, which support sustainable fisheries, require life history traits as input parameters. Sound data collection and validation methods are, therefore, important. ![]() The main problem for the management of fisheries, particularly in developing countries, is the lack of information on the past and current status of the fish stocks. However, successful management is only possible when the necessary data are obtained and decision-makers are well informed. Therefore, management strategies that successfully conserve the stocks and provide optimal sustainable yields are urgently needed. Failure to effectively manage world fish stocks can have disastrous effects on biodiversity and the livelihoods and socio-economic conditions of millions of people. The continuous fish stock decline indicates that the world is still far from achieving SDG 14 (Life Below Water), FAO’s Blue Growth Initiative goal and SDG 15 (Life on Land, including freshwater systems). Freshwater ecosystems are the most endangered ecosystems and freshwater fish stocks are worldwide in a state of crisis. The amount of biologically unsustainable stocks increased from 10% in 1975 to 33% in 2015. However, 90% of global marine fish stocks are fully or over-exploited. Fisheries are consequently a critical element for meeting the sustainable development (SDG) and FAO goals to reduce poverty, hunger and improve health and well-being. Fisheries play a significant role in the livelihoods of the world population, while the dependence on fisheries is acute in developing countries. ![]()
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